Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of Methadone vs Morphine for Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

8-2018

Journal Title

JAMA Pediatrics

MeSH Headings

Methadone Therapeutic Use; Morphine Therapeutic Use; Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Drug Therapy; Human; Comparative Studies; Randomized Controlled Trials; Time Factors; Education, Continuing (Credit); Infant, Newborn; Clinical Assessment Tools; Infant, Newborn: birth-1 month

Abstract

NCT01958476"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":33569153,"3":{"1":0,"3":1},"10":0,"11":4,"14":[null,2,0],"15":"Calibri","16":11,"28":1}">This randomized clinical trial compares the safety and efficacy of methadone vs morphine for treatment of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome using a weight-and sign-based treatment protocol. Key Points: Question: Does methadone or morphine have better safety and efficacy for the treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome? Findings: In this randomized clinical trial, 117 infants were randomized to treatment with methadone or morphine using a weight- and sign-based treatment protocol. Methadone was associated with reductions in length of hospital stay, length of hospital stay attributable to neonatal abstinence syndrome, and length of treatment after adjusting for study site and type of maternal opioid. Meaning: Methadone is more effective than morphine only in infants needing pharmacologic treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome. Importance: Although opioids are used to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), the best pharmacologic treatment has not been established. Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of methadone and morphine in NAS. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this randomized, double-blind, intention-to-treat trial, term infants from 8 US newborn units whose mothers received buprenorphine, methadone, or opioids for pain control during pregnancy were eligible. A total of 117 infants were randomized to receive methadone or morphine from February 9, 2014, to March 6, 2017. Mothers who declined randomization could consent to data collection and standard institutional treatment. Interventions: Infants were assessed with the Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring System every 4 hours and treated with methadone or placebo every 4 hours or morphine every 4 hours. Infants with persistently elevated Finnegan scores received dose increases. Infants who exceeded a predetermined opioid dose received phenobarbital. Dose reductions occurred every 12 to 48 hours when signs of NAS were controlled with therapy, stopping at 20% of the original dose. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was length of hospital stay (LOS). The secondary end points were LOS attributable to NAS and length of drug treatment (LOT). Results: A total of 183 mothers consented to have their infants in the study; 117 infants required treatment. Because 1 parent withdrew consent, data were analyzed on 116 infants (mean [SD] gestational age, 39.1 [1.1] weeks; mean [SD] birth weight, 3157 [486] g; 58 [50%] male). Demographic variables and risk factors were similar except for more prenatal cigarette exposure in infants who received methadone. Adjusting for study site and maternal opioid type, methadone was associated with decreased mean number of days for LOS by 14% (relative number of days, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.74-1.00; P =.046), corresponding to a difference of 2.9 days; 14% reduction in LOS attributable to NAS (relative number of days, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77-0.96; P =.01), corresponding to a difference of 2.7 days; and 16% reduction in LOT (relative number of days, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73-0.97; P =.02), corresponding to a difference of 2.3 days. Methadone was also associated with reduced median LOS (16 vs 20 days, P =.005), LOS attributable to NAS (16 vs 19 days, P =.005), and LOT (11.5 vs 15 days, P =.009). Study infants had better short-term outcomes than 170 nonrandomized infants treated with morphine per standard institutional protocols. Conclusions and Relevance: With use of weight- and sign-based treatment for NAS, short-term outcomes were better in infants receiving methadone compared with morphine. Assessment of longer-term outcomes is ongoing. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01958476

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